| DisplayText |
Description |
|---|
| |
(select this for identifications that are certain) |
| ? |
unspecified doubtful identification (aff. or cf., or applicable taxonomic rank not known) |
| aff. forma |
'affinis' = similar to, but probably not the named forma |
| aff. gen. |
'affinis' = similar to, but probably not the named genus |
| aff. sp. |
'affinis' = similar to, but probably not the named species |
| aff. ssp. |
'affinis' = similar to, but probably not the named subspecies |
| aff. var. |
'affinis' = similar to, but probably not the named variety |
| agg. |
aggregate |
| cf. forma |
doubtful identification of forma or forma specialis. Example: 'Ech. ferruginea cf. f. rubra' |
| cf. gen. |
doubtful genus identification. Examples: 'cf. Abies', '?Abies' |
| cf. sp. |
doubtful species identification (genus identification certain). Example: 'Abies cf. alba' |
| cf. ssp. |
doubtful identification of subspecies. Example: 'Abies alba cf. ssp. alba' |
| cf. var. |
doubtful identification of variety. Example: 'Echinonema ferruginea cf. var. campestris' |
| s. l. |
sensu lato |
| s. str. |
sensu stricto |
| sp. |
only the genus is given, the information relates to a single, unspecified species |
| sp. nov. |
only the genus is given, it is assumed that the unidentified species is new |
| spp. |
only the genus is given, the information covers several unspecified species |
| DisplayText |
Description |
|---|
| bones |
bones or skeleton from vertebrates |
| complete skeleton |
complete skeleton |
| culture |
living cultures of organisms |
| DNA sample |
DNA sample |
| drawing |
original line or color drawing |
| drawing or photograph |
drawing or photograph |
| dried specimen |
dried specimen |
| herbarium sheet |
dried specimen mounted on sheet as stored in a botanical collection |
| human observation |
human observation |
| icones |
icones, images etc. stored in a biological collection |
| incomplete skeleton |
incomplete skeleton |
| living specimen |
living specimen |
| machine observation |
machine observation |
| medium |
medium like sound recordings, videos, images and the like |
| micr. slide |
glass plate with specimen for microscopic study |
| observation |
observation |
| other specimen |
other specimen |
| pelt |
pelt, skin or fur of an animal |
| photogr. print |
photographic print (color or black/white) |
| photogr. slide |
image in the form of a photographic slide for projection |
| postcranial skeleton |
postcranial skeleton |
| preserved specimen |
preserved specimen |
| SEM table |
table with specimen for Scanning electron microscopy |
| shell |
shell e.g. of a snail |
| single bones |
single bones |
| skull |
skull of a vertebrate |
| sound |
sound recoding |
| specimen |
specimen stored in a collection |
| TEM specimen |
specimen preparation for Transmission electron microscopy |
| thin section |
thin section |
| tooth |
tooth of an animal |
| trace |
trace e.g. footprints of an animal |
| vial |
vial, flask or similar container |
| DisplayText |
Description |
|---|
| alga |
alga |
| arthropode |
Arthropoda: insects, spiders, crabs etc. |
| bacterium |
bacteria/prokaryotic |
| bird |
bird |
| bryophyte |
Marchantiomorpha (liverworts), Anthocerotophyta (hornworts) and Bryophyta (mosses) |
| cnidaria |
Cnidaria: sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, sea pens, hydra |
| echinoderm |
Echinodermata: sea urchins, starfish, and their allies |
| evertebrate |
Animalia (= Metazoa) excl. Chordata |
| fish |
fish |
| fungus |
Eumycota: mushrooms, sac fungi, yeast, molds, rusts, smuts, etc. |
| insect |
Hexapoda: insects, springtails, diplurans, and proturans |
| lichen |
Lichenized Eumycota |
| mammal |
mammal |
| mollusc |
Mollusca: Snails, clams, mussels, squids, octopi, chitons, and tusk shells |
| other |
other/anorganic |
| plant |
Lycophytes, ferns and seedplants |
| slime mould |
Myxomycota |
| vertebrate |
Chordata |
| virus |
virus |
| DisplayText |
Description |
|---|
| allolectotype |
A paralectotype specimen that is the opposite sex of the lectotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.] |
| alloneotype |
A paraneotype specimen that is the opposite sex of the neotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.] |
| allotype |
A paratype specimen designated from the type series by the original author that is the opposite sex of the holotype. The term is not regulated by the ICZN. [Zoo.] |
| cotype |
A deprecated term no longer recognized in the ICZN; formerly used for either syntype or paratype [see ICZN Recommendation 73E]. [Zoo.] |
| epitype |
An epitype is a specimen or illustration selected to serve as an interpretative type when any kind of holotype, lectotype, etc. is demonstrably ambiguous and cannot be critically identified for purposes of the precise application of the name of a taxon (see Art. ICBN 9.7, 9.18). An epitype supplements, rather than replaces existing types. [Bot./Bio.] |
| ex-Epitype |
A strain or cultivation derived from epitype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Bot.] |
| ex-Holotype |
A strain or cultivation derived from holotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.] |
| ex-Isotype |
A strain or cultivation derived from isotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.] |
| ex-Lectotype |
A strain or cultivation derived from lectotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.] |
| ex-Neotype |
A strain or cultivation derived from neotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.] |
| ex-Paratype |
A strain or cultivation derived from paratype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.] |
| ex-Syntype |
A strain or cultivation derived from neotype material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.] |
| ex-Type |
A strain or cultivation derived from some kind of type material. Ex-types are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. [Zoo./Bot.] |
| hapantotype |
One or more preparations of directly related individuals representing distinct stages in the life cycle, which together form the type in an extant species of protistan [ICZN Article 72.5.4]. A hapantotype, while a series of individuals, is a holotype that must not be restricted by lectotype selection. If a hapantotype is found to contain individuals of more than one species, however, components may be excluded until it contains individuals of only one species [ICZN Article 73.3.2]. [Zoo.] |
| holotype |
The one specimen or other element used or designated by the original author at the time of publication of the original description as the nomenclatural type of a species or infraspecific taxon. A holotype may be 'explicit' if it is clearly stated in the originating publication or 'implicit' if it is the single specimen proved to have been in the hands of the originating author when the description was published. [Zoo./Bot./Bio.] |
| iconotype |
A drawing or photograph (also called 'phototype') of a type specimen. Note: the term "iconotype" is not used in the ICBN, but implicit in, e. g., ICBN Art. 7 and 38. [Zoo./Bot.] |
| isoepitype |
a duplicate of an epitype |
| isolectotype |
A duplicate of a lectotype, compare lectotype. [Bot.] |
| isoneotype |
A duplicate of a neotype, compare neotype. [Bot.] |
| isosyntype |
A duplicate of a syntype, compare isotype = duplicate of holotype. [Bot.] |
| isotype |
An isotype is any duplicate of the holotype (i. e. part of a single gathering made by a collector at one time, from which the holotype was derived); it is always a specimen (ICBN Art. 7). [Bot.] |
| lectotype |
A specimen or other element designated subsequent to the publication of the original description from the original material (syntypes or paratypes) to serve as nomenclatural type. Lectotype designation can occur only where no holotype was designated at the time of publication or if it is missing (ICBN Art. 7, ICZN Art. 74). [Zoo./Bot.] -- Note: the BioCode defines lectotype as selection from holotype material in cases where the holotype material contains more than one taxon [Bio.]. |
| neotype |
A specimen designated as nomenclatural type subsequent to the publication of the original description in cases where the original holotype, lectotype, all paratypes and syntypes are lost or destroyed, or suppressed by the (botanical or zoological) commission on nomenclature. In zoology also called "Standard specimen" or "Representative specimen". [Zoo./Bot./Bio.] |
| not a type |
For specimens erroneously labelled as types an explicit negative statement may be desirable. [General] |
| original material |
Specimens and illustrations indicated in the protologue of a name (see ICBN Art. 9 Note 2 for details) |
| paralectotype |
All of the specimens in the syntype series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the lectotype itself. Also called "lectoparatype". [Zoo.] |
| paraneotype |
All of the specimens in the syntype series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the neotype itself. Also called "neoparatype". [Zoo.] |
| paratype |
All of the specimens in the type series of a species or infraspecific taxon other than the holotype (and, in botany, isotypes). Paratypes must have been at the disposition of the author at the time when the original description was created and must have been designated and indicated in the publication. Judgment must be exercised on paratype status, for only rarely are specimens explicitly cited as paratypes, but usually as "specimens examined," "other material seen", etc. [Zoo./Bot.] |
| plastoholotype |
A copy or cast of holotype material (compare Plastotype). |
| plastoisotype |
A copy or cast of isotype material (compare Plastotype). |
| plastolectotype |
A copy or cast of lectotype material (compare Plastotype). |
| plastoneotype |
A copy or cast of neotype material (compare Plastotype). |
| plastoparatype |
A copy or cast of paratype material (compare Plastotype). |
| plastosyntype |
A copy or cast of syntype material (compare Plastotype). |
| plastotype |
A copy or cast of type material, esp. relevant for fossil types. Not regulated by the botanical or zoological code (?). [Zoo./Bot.] |
| secondary type |
A referred, described, measured or figured specimen in the original publication (including a neo/lectotypification publication) that is not a primary type. |
| supplementary type |
A referred, described, measured or figured specimen in a revision of a previously described taxon. |
| syntype |
One of the series of specimens used to describe a species or infraspecific taxon when neither a single holotype by the original author, nor a lectotype in a subsequent publication has been designated. The syntypes collectively constitute the name-bearing type. [Zoo./Bot.] |
| topotype |
One or more specimens collected at the same location as the type series (type locality), regardless of whether they are part of the type series. Topotypes are not regulated by the botanical or zoological code. Also called "locotype". [Zoo./Bot.] |
| type |
a) A specimen designated or indicated any kind of type of a species or infraspecific taxon. If possible more specific type terms (holotype, syntype, etc.) should be applied. b) the type name of a name of higher rank for taxa above the species rank. [General] |
| typotype |
the specimen used to prepare an illustration where the latter is the type |
| DisplayText |
Description |
|---|
| Association |
in association with (unspecific statement if no further information about interaction b/w 2 organisms is available) |
| Endophytic in |
endophytic organism growing in plants without causing symptoms (possibly mutualistic or opportunistic parasite) |
| Growing on |
substrate statement: organism growing on 2nd organism, living stages directly observed (i.e. assoc. not due to diaspores alone) |
| Isolated from |
substrate statement: organism isolated from 2nd organism, no living stages observed (i.e. possibly due to surface contamination) |
| Lichenization |
mutualistic symbiosis between a fungus and algae (= 2nd organism) |
| Mutualism |
mutualistic symbiosis, both partners profit from each other |
| Mycorrhiza of |
mycorrhizal association of a fungus with a plant (= 2nd organism) |
| Parasitic (accid.) |
parasitic on an 'accidential host' (in the sense of Nannfeldt): with strong infection pressure, another organism growing between infected organisms may become infected. |
| Parasitic (facul.) |
facultatively parasitic on host (= 2nd organism) |
| Parasitic (oblig.) |
obligately parasitic on host (= 2nd organism) |
| Parasitic (quest.) |
questionably parasitic on host (= 2nd organism), parasitic interaction is presumed, but doubtful/unverified |
| Parasitic on |
the taxon is parasitizing its host (regardless of type, i.e. holo-/meta-/hemi-biotrophic, or pertho-/necrotrophic) |
| Parent/Child |
parent/child association (i.e. in the literal genetical sense, not in an abstract sense) |
| Part of |
belongs to the same organism resp. unit, e.g. a branch is part of a tree |
| Pollinator of |
organism 1 is the pollinator of a plant (organism 2) |
| Predator/Food |
organism 1 is the predator of organism 2 (i. e. 2 is food of 1) |
| Sibling |
both organisms are siblings (have the same parents) |
